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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *uber</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_uber</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_huper" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ὑπέρ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>hupér</orth>
          </form>
          <def>above</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_super" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>super</orth>
          <def>above</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_uber" type="preposition" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/uber">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>uber</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈu.βer</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚢᛒᛖᚱ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>preposition</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>over (moving across)</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>over, above (positioned above)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *upér, *supér, ultimately from the root *upo. Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_huper"><ref target="#cog_grc_huper">ὑπέρ</ref></mentioned> (hupér, ‘above’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_super"><ref target="#cog_lat_super">super</ref></mentioned> (‘above’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*obar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>over, ovir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ōver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>euver, övver</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*obar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>over, ovir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ōver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>over</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>oor</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*obar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ofer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>over</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>over</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ower</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>oer, ower, owr</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*obar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>over, uver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>uur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>oer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*obar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>obar, ubar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ober, over, uber</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>ober, ober-</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>אייבער־ (eyber-)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*obar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ovar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>över, over, oever, aver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>över, üöver</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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