<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *uberstīganą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_uberstīganą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_uberstigana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/uberstīganą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>uberstīganą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˌu.βer.ˈstiː.ɣɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚢᛒᛖᚱᛊᛏᛁᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to ascend or climb over</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to surpass, transcend, exceed</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *uber- + *stīganą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>uberstīgō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>uberstīgaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>uberstīgai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ubirstīgizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>uberstīgaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>uberstīg</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>uberstīgazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>uberstīgaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ubirstīgidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>uberstīgai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>uberstīgadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>uberstīgadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>uberstīgaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>uberstīgōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>uberstīgaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>uberstīgadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>uberstīgaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>uberstīgadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>uberstīgamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>uberstīgaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>uberstīgandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>uberstīgaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ubirstīgid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>uberstīgaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ubirstīgid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>uberstīgandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>uberstīgaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>uberstīgandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>uberstīgain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>uberstīgandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>uberstīgandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>uberstīgaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>uberstaig</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>uberstigį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>uberstaiht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>uberstigīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>uberstaig</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>uberstigī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>uberstigū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>uberstigīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>uberstigudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>uberstigīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>uberstigum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>uberstigīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>uberstigud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>uberstigīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>uberstigun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>uberstigīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>uberstīgandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>uberstiganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>uberstīganą</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*obarstīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>oferstīgan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*obarstīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*overstīgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>overstigen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>overstijgen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*obarstīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ubarstīgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>überstīgen, oberstīgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>übersteigen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*obarstīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*ovarstīgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ȫverstīgen, ōverstīgen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ubirstīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>oferstīgan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ubirstīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*overstīgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>overstigen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>overstijgen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ubirstīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ubarstīgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>überstīgen, oberstīgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>übersteigen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ubirstīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*ovarstīgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ȫverstīgen, ōverstīgen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*yfirstíga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yfirstígari</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ufarsteigan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
