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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ubilaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ubilaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_ufelos" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*uɸelos</orth>
          <def>bad, evil</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ubilaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ubilaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ubilaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈu.βi.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚢᛒᛁᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>evil, bad</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Cognate with Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_ufelos"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_ufelos">*uɸelos</ref></mentioned> (‘bad, evil’), but the source is disputed. Possibly either:</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>ubilaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>ubilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>ubilą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>ubilai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>ubilôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>ubilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>ubilanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>ubilǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>ubilą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>ubilanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>ubilōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>ubilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>ubilas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>ubilaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>ubilas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>ubilaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>ubilaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>ubilaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>ubilammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>ubilaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>ubilammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>ubilaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>ubilaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>ubilaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>ubilanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>ubilaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>ubilanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>ubilaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>ubilaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>ubilaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>ubilô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>ubilǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>ubilô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>ubilaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>ubilōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>ubilōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>ubilanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>ubilōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>ubilô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>ubilanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>ubilōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>ubilōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>ubiliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>ubilōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>ubiliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>ubilanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>ubilōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>ubilanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>ubilini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>ubilōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>ubilini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>ubilammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>ubilōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>ubilammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>ubilinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>ubilōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>ubilinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>ubilammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>ubilōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>ubilammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ubil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>uvil</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>evel, ovel, oevel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>euvel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>euwel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ubil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>yfel, eofel, efel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>yvel, uvel, evel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>evil</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>evil, ewil</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ubil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>evel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>eeuwel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>evel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ubil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ubil</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>übel, *üvel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>übel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>iwwel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ubil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>uvil</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>euvel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ubil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>uvil</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ovel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>övel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>iebel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 (ubils)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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