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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ubiri</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ubiri_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ubiri_1" type="adverb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ubiri">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ubiri</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈu.βi.ri</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚢᛒᛁᚱᛁ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adverb</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>over, above</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *upéri, from *upér (ultimately from *upo + *-i).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>yferra</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>ubari</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>über</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                      <orth>üvver</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>iwer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>iwwer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>איבער (iber)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>ubari</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>über</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>über</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>uber</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Serbo-Croatian</lang>
                        <orth>iber</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>ubiri</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>über</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                      <orth>üvver</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>iwer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>iwwer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>איבער (iber)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>ubiri</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>über</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>über</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>uber</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Serbo-Croatian</lang>
                        <orth>iber</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>ubere</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>über</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                      <orth>üvver</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>iwer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>iwwer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>איבער (iber)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>ubere</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>über</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>über</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>uber</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Serbo-Croatian</lang>
                        <orth>iber</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>uviri</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>über</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                      <orth>üvver</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>iwer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>iwwer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>איבער (iber)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>uviri</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>über</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>über</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>uber</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Serbo-Croatian</lang>
                        <orth>iber</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>yfir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Dalian</lang>
                    <orth>yvyr</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>yvir</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>yfvar, yfver</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>yfir</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>yver, yvi, ivi, øve</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>yfir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ofær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>over</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>over</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>over</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>yfir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>yvir, ivir, over</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>över, öv</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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