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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-ukô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ukô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2011a" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Y6TMIYYV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Proto-Germanic n-Stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Rodopi</publisher>
              <date>2011a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_uko" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ukô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-ukô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">u.kɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚢᚲᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">noun</gram>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms masculine weak n-stem diminutive or hypocoristic nouns, especially personal names, animal names, and affective concrete noun</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_ukaz"><ref target="#pgmc_ukaz">*-ukaz</ref></mentioned>+ <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_o"><ref target="#pgmc_o">*-ô</ref></mentioned>, i.e. an n-stem or weak masculine extension of <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_ukaz"><ref target="#pgmc_ukaz">*-ukaz</ref></mentioned>. The weak masculine form fits the broader tendency for Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stems to be used in animate, individualizing, and name-like formations <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="211–16">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 211–16</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2011a" n="35–36">Kroonen 2011a: 35–36</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #sg">
              <orth>-ukô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #pl">
              <orth>-ukaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #sg">
              <orth>-ukanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #pl">
              <orth>-ukanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #sg">
              <orth>-ukiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #pl">
              <orth>-ukanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #sg">
              <orth>-ukini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #pl">
              <orth>-ukammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #sg">
              <orth>-ukinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #pl">
              <orth>-ukammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #sg">
              <orth>-ukô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #pl">
              <orth>-ukaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-ukō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*-uko, *-iko</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>-ca</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-ukō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>-ko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>-ke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-ukō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*-ko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>-ke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-ki</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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