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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *umbi</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_umbi</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_amphi" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀμφί</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>amphí</orth>
          </form>
          <def>around, about</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2mbhi_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂m̥bʰí</orth>
          <def>by, around</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_am" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>am</orth>
          <def>around</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_amb" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>amb-</orth>
          <def>around, about</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_abhi" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अभि</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>abhí</orth>
          </form>
          <def>against, about</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_umbi" type="preposition" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/umbi">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>umbi</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈum.bi</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚢᛗᛒᛁ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>preposition</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>around, about</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2mbhi_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2mbhi_x2">*h₂m̥bʰi</ref></mentioned> (‘by, around’), from earlier *h₂ntbʰi, instrumental case form to *h₂énts (‘face’). Cognate with Old Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_am"><ref target="#cog_lat_am">am</ref></mentioned> (‘around’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_amb"><ref target="#cog_lat_amb">amb-</ref></mentioned> (‘around, about’), ambi- (‘both’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_amphi"><ref target="#cog_grc_amphi">ἀμφί</ref></mentioned> (amphí, ‘around, about’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_abhi"><ref target="#cog_san_abhi">अभि</ref></mentioned> (abhí, ‘against, about’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*umbi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>umbe, umbi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>omme, ombe, om</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>ómb, óm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*umbi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>umbe, umbi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>omme, ombe, om</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>om</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>om</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*umbi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>umbe, ombe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>uum, ume</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>om</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*umbi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>umbi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>umbe, ump, ümbe, üm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>ume, umme</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>um, umb, üm, ümb</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>אום (um)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*umbi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>umbi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>umbe, ump, ümbe, üm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                          <orth>umme</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Mòcheno</lang>
                          <orth>um</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*umbi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>umbi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>umbe, ump, ümbe, üm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>öm, em</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>ëm</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*umbi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>umbi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>umme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>üm, um</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>om</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>umb</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>um</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>um</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>um</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>um, om, øm</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>um</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>om</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>om</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>om</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>um</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>um</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>om</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*umpi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Estonian</lang>
                    <orth>umbes</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>umpi</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*ümbär</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>ympäri</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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