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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *upanaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_upanaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_upanaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/upanaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>upanaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈu.pɑ.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚢᛈᚨᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>open</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Seemingly the past participle of a verb *eupaną, *ūpaną, (though no other evidence of such a verb exists), with said verb being derived from *upp (‘up’) and thus originally meaning ‘lying on top’ &gt; ‘clear, open’.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>upanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>upanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>upaną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>upanai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>upanôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>upanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>upananǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>upanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>upaną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>upananz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>upanōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>upanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>upanas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>upanaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>upanas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>upanaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>upanaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>upanaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>upanammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>upanaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>upanammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>upanaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>upanaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>upanaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>upananō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>upanaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>upananō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>upanaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>upanaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>upanaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>upanô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>upanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>upanô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>upananiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>upanōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>upanōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>upananų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>upanōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>upanô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>upananunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>upanōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>upanōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>upaniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>upanōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>upaniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>upananǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>upanōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>upananǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>upanini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>upanōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>upanini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>upanammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>upanōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>upanammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>upaninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>upanōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>upaninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>upanammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>upanōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>upanammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*opan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>opan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ōpen, apen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>aop</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*opan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>opan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ōpen, apen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>open</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>oop</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Aukan</lang>
                          <orth>obo</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*opan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>opan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ōpen, apen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>open</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>open, hopo</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Virgin Islands Creole</lang>
                            <orth>hopo</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*opan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>open</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>open, opyn, ope</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>open</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>appen, apen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*opan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>open, epen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>eepen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>iepen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*opan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>offan, ophan, ofan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>offen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>offe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>offen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>אָפֿן (ofn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*opan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>opan, open</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>open, apen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>open, apen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>opinn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>opin</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>opinn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>open</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>opinn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>åben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>åpen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>opinn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ypin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>öppen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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