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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *uz-</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_uz_v2</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2u_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂u-s-</orth>
          <def>off, from</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ud" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*úd</orth>
          <def>out, outward</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ud_s_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ud-s-</orth>
          <def>up, out</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ava" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अव-</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ava-</orth>
          </form>
          <def>off, down</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_uz_x2" type="prefix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/uz-">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>uz-</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">uz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚢᛉ-</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>prefix</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>up, out</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ud_s_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ud_s_x2">*ud-s-</ref></mentioned> (‘up, out’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ud"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ud">*úd</ref></mentioned> (‘up, out’); or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2u_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2u_s">*h₂u-s-</ref></mentioned> (‘off, from’), related to Latin au-, Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ava"><ref target="#cog_san_ava">अव-</ref></mentioned> (ava-, ‘off, down’). Etymologically identical with Proto-Germanic *uz (‘out, out of’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*uʀ-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ur-, or-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>or-, oor-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>oor-</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*uʀ-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>or-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>or-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>or-</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*uʀ-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>or-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>uur-</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>oar-</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*uʀ-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ur-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ur-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>אור־ (ur-)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*uʀ-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ur-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ur-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>ur-</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>oer-</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>ur-</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*uʀ-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ur-, or-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>or-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>oor-</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ør-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>ør-</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>ør-</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌿𐍃- (us-)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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