<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wahsą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wahsą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_bsl-x-proto_waskan" xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*wáśkan</orth>
          <def>wax</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wokso" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*woḱso</orth>
          <def>idem</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_velum" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>velum</orth>
          <def>sailcloth</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wahsa" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wahsą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wahsą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwɑx.sɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚨᚺᛊᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>wax</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of somewhat disputed origin. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_waskan"><ref target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_waskan">*wáśkan</ref></mentioned> (‘wax’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wokso"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wokso">*woḱso</ref></mentioned> (‘idem’), which was originally reconstructed by Pokorny as *wokso, *wos-ko-. However, others have compared the terms with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_velum"><ref target="#cog_lat_velum">velum</ref></mentioned> (‘sailcloth’) and Dutch wiek (‘windmill sail’), from *weg- (‘to weave’) (though the semantic link appears tenuous). The Germanic and Balto-Slavic terms could instead be from a pre-Indo-European substrate.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>wahsą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>wahsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>wahsą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>wahsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>wahsas, wahsis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>wahsǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>wahsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>wahsamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>wahsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>wahsamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>wahsą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>wahsō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>weax</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>wax, vax, vex, waxe, waxs, wex, wexe, wexs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>wax</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>wax</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>wæx</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>wax, vax, vex, waxe, waxs, wex, wexe, wexs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>wax</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>wax</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>wex</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>wax, vax, vex, waxe, waxs, wex, wexe, wexs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>wax</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>wax</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>wax</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>Woaks</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>waaks, waachs</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>wahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>was</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Wass</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>wahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>was</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>was</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>was</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>wahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>wahs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                      <orth>baks</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>Wuess</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                      <orth>wāhs</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>וואַקס (vaks)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>wahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>wahs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Wachs</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Russian</lang>
                        <orth>вакса (vaksa)</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Armenian</lang>
                          <orth>վաքս (vakʻs), վակս (vaks)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Persian</lang>
                          <orth>واکس (vâks)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vax</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>waks</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>vaks</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>vax</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>vax</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?, voks</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vax</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>wax, wox</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>voks</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vax</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>vax</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vax</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*vaha</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
