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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *waldaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_waldaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_vlasti" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>власти</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>vlasti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to rule</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2welh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂welh₁-</orth>
          <def>to rule, be strong</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_welh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*welH-</orth>
          <def>to turn, wind</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_veldeti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>veldėti</orth>
          <def>to inherit, possess, govern</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_waldana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/waldaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>waldaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwɑl.dɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚨᛚᛞᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7c</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to rule</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Kroonen supposes a back-formation from the preterite *wulþǭ (compare Old Norse past olla), which continues an extended aorist root, Pre-Proto-Germanic *h₂wl̥h₁-t-, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2welh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2welh1">*h₂welh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to rule, be strong’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">LIV² posits a *-dʰ-present *wélH-dʰe-ti to the root (there reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_welh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_welh">*welH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to be strong, hold sway’)), from which a Pre-Proto-Germanic iterative *we-wólH-dʰe-ti was derived, in which case it is close cognate to Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_veldeti"><ref target="#cog_lit_veldeti">veldėti</ref></mentioned> (‘to inherit, possess, govern’) and Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_vlasti"><ref target="#cog_chu_vlasti">власти</ref></mentioned> (vlasti, ‘to rule’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>waldō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>waldaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>waldai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>waldizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>waldaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wald</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>waldazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>waldaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>waldidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>waldai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>waldadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>waldadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>waldaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>waldōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>waldaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>waldadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>waldaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>waldadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>waldamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>waldaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>waldandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>waldaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>waldid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>waldaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>waldid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>waldandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>waldaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>waldandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>waldain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>waldandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>waldandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>waldaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wewald</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wewaldį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wewalst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wewaldīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wewald</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wewaldī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>wewaldū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>wewaldīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>wewaldudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>wewaldīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wewaldum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wewaldīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wewaldud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wewaldīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wewaldun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wewaldīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>waldandz, -</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>waldanaz, wulþaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>waldaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*waldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>walda</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*waldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>waldan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gewouden</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*waldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wealdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>welden, weld, welde, weldon, wielde, wild, wilde, wold, wolde, wolden, weild, weilde, veild, wald, walde, walden, wælden, wealde, wealden, uelden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wield, wald</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wield, wald</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*waldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>waltan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>walten, walden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>walten</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>valte</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*waldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>waldan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wolden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>wolden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>valda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>uolda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>valda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>valda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>valda</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>valda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>waldæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>volde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>valda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>walda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>valde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>valda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>valda, valla, volda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vålla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (waldan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*valdit'ak</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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