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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *walþuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_walþuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_bsl-x-proto_wol_tis" xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*wolˀtis</orth>
          <def>ear of grain</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_lasios" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>λᾰ́σῐος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>lắsĭos</orth>
          </form>
          <def>hairy</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_wellu_s" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒌑𒂊𒂖𒇻𒍑</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>wellu-š</orth>
          </form>
          <def>pasture, meadow</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_valtis" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>váltis</orth>
          <def>oat awn</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_walthuz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/walþuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>walþuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwɑl.θuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚨᛚᚦᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>forest</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *wel-, in which case it would be cognate with Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="hit" target="#cog_hit_wellu_s"><ref target="#cog_hit_wellu_s">𒌑𒂊𒂖𒇻𒍑</ref></mentioned> (wellu-š, ‘pasture, meadow’). Another possibility is from Proto-Indo-European *wólH-tu-s, from a root *welH- (‘hair, hairlike object’); compare Proto-Celtic *woltos (‘hair (of the head)’) and Proto-Balto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_wol_tis"><ref target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_wol_tis">*wolˀtis</ref></mentioned> (‘ear of grain’) (whence Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_valtis"><ref target="#cog_lit_valtis">váltis</ref></mentioned> (‘oat awn’)), as well as possibly Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_lasios"><ref target="#cog_grc_lasios">λᾰ́σῐος</ref></mentioned> (lắsĭos, ‘hairy’)), though the semantic gap is wide.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>walþuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>walþiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>walþų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>walþunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>walþauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>walþiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>walþiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>walþumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>walþū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>walþumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>walþu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>walþiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*walþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                    <orth>gualdus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Galician</lang>
                      <orth>Galdo</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>gualdo</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Piedmontese</lang>
                      <orth>vaoda, vaode</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*walþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>walt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wout</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>waadj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*walþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>walt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wout</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>woud</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>woud</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*walþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>weald, wald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wold, wald, walde, weld, welde, wolde, woolde, wæld</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wold, weald, wald</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wald</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*walþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>gaut</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>gaudine</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*walþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>wald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Woold</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wâld</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*walþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>walt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Wald</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Woid, Woold</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Wald</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Wald</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Wald, Wall</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>וואַלד (vald)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*walþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>wald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wôlt, wôld</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                        <orth>woold, woud</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Woolt, Woold, Wold</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Woolt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vǫllr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>vøllur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>völlur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>vällj, vaddl</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>voll, vøll, vodd’e</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vǫllr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>wold, wall</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>vold, val</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>voll</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vǫllr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>valder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vall</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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