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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wapsō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wapsō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wapso" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wapsō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wapsō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwɑp.sɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚨᛈᛊᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>wasp</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *wóbʰseh₂.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>wapsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>wapsôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>wapsǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>wapsōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>wapsōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>wapsǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>wapsōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>wapsōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>wapsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>wapsōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>wapsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>wapsôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wapsu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wapsa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>guespe, vespe, wespe, wapce</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wafsa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wapsu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wæps, wæsp, wæfs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wasp, wappes, waps, waspe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wasp, waps</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wasp, wesp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wapsu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*waps</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Häspe, Gäspe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>waps</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wapsu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>waspa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wopse</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*vaps</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Estonian</lang>
                    <orth>vapsik</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>vaapsahainen</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Karelian</lang>
                    <orth>voapsahaine</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Livonian</lang>
                    <orth>vaps</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Veps</lang>
                    <orth>bapshaine</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*viepsēs</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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