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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wardaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wardaz_2</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wert" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wert-</orth>
          <def>to turn</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wardaz_2" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wardaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wardaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwɑr.ðɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚨᚱᛞᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>turned</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>turned toward; facing</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier *warþaz, *werþaz, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wert"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wert">*wert-</ref></mentioned> (‘to turn’). Compare Latin versus.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>wardaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>wardō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>wardą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>wardai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>wardôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>wardō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>wardanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>wardǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>wardą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>wardanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>wardōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>wardō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>wardas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>wardaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>wardas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>wardaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>wardaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>wardaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>wardammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>wardaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>wardammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>wardaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>wardaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>wardaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>wardanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>wardaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>wardanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>wardaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>wardaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>wardaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>wardô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>wardǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>wardô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>wardaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>wardōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>wardōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>wardanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>wardōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>wardô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>wardanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>wardōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>wardōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>wardiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>wardōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>wardiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>wardanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>wardōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>wardanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>wardini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>wardōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>wardini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>wardammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>wardōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>wardammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>wardinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>wardōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>wardinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>wardammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>wardōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>wardammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-ward</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-ward, -werd</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-ward</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*-ward, *-werd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>-wert, -weert, -waert</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-ward</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>-weard, -werd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>-warde, -ward</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>-ward</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>-wart, -art, -it</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-ward</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>-wart, -wert</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>-wert</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-ward</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>-ward</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>-ward</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>-ward, -wart</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-wardas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-ward, -werd</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-wardas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*-ward, *-werd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>-wert, -weert, -waert</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-wardas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>-weard, -werd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>-warde, -ward</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>-ward</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>-wart, -art, -it</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-wardas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>-wart, -wert</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>-wert</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-wardas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>-ward</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>-ward</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>-ward, -wart</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-varðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>-varþer</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-verðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>-varþer</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (-wairþs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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