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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *warjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_warjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wer" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wer-</orth>
          <def>to close, shut, lock, protect, defend, block</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_vrnoti" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>वृणोति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>vṛṇóti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to cover, stop</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_warjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/warjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>warjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚨᚱᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to ward off, to defend against</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to thwart, to stop</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wer"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wer">*wer-</ref></mentioned> (‘to heed’). Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_vrnoti"><ref target="#cog_san_vrnoti">वृणोति</ref></mentioned> (vṛṇóti, ‘to cover, stop’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>warjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>warjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>warjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>warisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>warjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wari</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>warjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>warjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wariþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>warjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>warjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>warjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>warjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>warjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>warjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>warjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>warjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>warjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>warjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>warjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>warjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>warjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wariþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>warjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wariþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>warjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>warjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>warjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>warjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>warjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>warjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>warjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>waridǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>waridēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>waridēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>waridēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>waridē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>waridēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>waridēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>waridēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>waridēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>waridēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>waridēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>waridēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>waridēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>waridēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>waridēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>waridēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>warjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>waridaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>warjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>weria</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>werien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>weren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>weren</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>waere</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>werian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>werien, weren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>weir, wear</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>were, wer, weir</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>werien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>weren, wern</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>bèaran</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>wehren</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>wieren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>werian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>weren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>wehren</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Polabian</lang>
                        <orth>varo</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*warantus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>garant</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*warantus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                      <orth>*warantire, *warantia</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>guarantir</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*wariō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>guarire</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>guarir</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Piedmontese</lang>
                      <orth>guarì, varì</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*wariō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>garir, guarir</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Occitan</lang>
                        <orth>garir</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*wariō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>garir, guarir</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Catalan</lang>
                        <orth>guarir, garir, guayrir, gorir</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Catalan</lang>
                          <orth>guarir</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>verja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>verja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>verja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>wæriæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>værge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>verge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>væria</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>värja</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (warjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*varjat'ak</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
