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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *warkiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_warkiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_bsl-x-proto_wargas" xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*wargás</orth>
          <def>foe, enemy</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_werg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*werg-</orth>
          <def>to suffer</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_vargti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>var̃gti</orth>
          <def>to live in poverty, suffer hardship</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_warkiz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/warkiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>warkiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwɑr.kiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚨᚱᚲᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>pain</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_werg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_werg">*werg-</ref></mentioned> (‘to suffer’); likely cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_wargas"><ref target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_wargas">*wargás</ref></mentioned> (‘foe, enemy’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_vargti"><ref target="#cog_lit_vargti">var̃gti</ref></mentioned> (‘to live in poverty, suffer hardship’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>warkiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>warkīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>warkį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>warkinz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>warkīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>warkijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>warkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>warkimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>warkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>warkimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>warki</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>warkīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>werk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wærċ, werċ, weorċ, wræċ, wierċ, wyrċ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>warch, werk, wark</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wark</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wark, wrak</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>værk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>verkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>verkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>verk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>værker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>värk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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