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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wartǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wartǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_vrixu" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>врьхъ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>vrĭxŭ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>top, peak</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_herma" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἕρμα</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>hérma</orth>
          </form>
          <def>reef, rock, hill</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_verruca" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>verrūca</orth>
          <def>wart; hillock</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_virsus" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>viršus</orth>
          <def>top</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_varsman_x2" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>वर्ष्मन्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>varṣman</orth>
          </form>
          <def>protrusion, summit, peak, top, vertex</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_warto" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wartǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wartǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwɑr.tɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚨᚱᛏᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>wart</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *wers-. Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_verruca"><ref target="#cog_lat_verruca">verrūca</ref></mentioned> (‘high place; excrescence, wart’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_virsus"><ref target="#cog_lit_virsus">viršus</ref></mentioned> (‘top’), Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_vrixu"><ref target="#cog_chu_vrixu">врьхъ</ref></mentioned> (vrĭxŭ, ‘top, peak’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_herma"><ref target="#cog_grc_herma">ἕρμα</ref></mentioned> (hérma, ‘reef, rock, hill’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_varsman_x2"><ref target="#cog_san_varsman_x2">वर्ष्मन्</ref></mentioned> (varṣman, ‘protrusion, summit, peak, top, vertex’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>wartǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>wartōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>wartōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>wartōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>wartōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>wartōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>wartōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>wartōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>wartōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>wartōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>wartǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>wartōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>wearte</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>warte, wrette, werte</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>wart, wrot</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>wrat</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>warte</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>Wotte, Woote</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>wart</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>worte</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>Wotte, Woote</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>wart</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>warta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>warte, worte, wratte</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Waart, Wratt</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*wratta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>warte, worte, wratte</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Waart, Wratt</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*warta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wratte, warte, worte</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wrat</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>vratjie</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>wratt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wratte, warte, worte</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wrat</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>vratjie</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>warza</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>warze, werze</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                      <orth>bèertza</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Warze</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>Waarz</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>Waarzel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>werza</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>warze, werze</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                      <orth>bèertza</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Warze</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>Waarz</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>Waarzel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>varta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>vørta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>varta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>vorte</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>vorte</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>varta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>wartæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>vorte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>varta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>varta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vårta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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