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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *warzaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_warzaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wers" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wers-</orth>
          <def>hill, top</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_verruca_x2" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>verruca</orth>
          <def>wart; hillock</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_warzaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/warzaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>warzaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwɑr.zɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚨᚱᛉᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>callus</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wers"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wers">*wers-</ref></mentioned> (‘to protrude; peak, excrescence’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_verruca_x2"><ref target="#cog_lat_verruca_x2">verruca</ref></mentioned> (‘wart; hillock’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>warzaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>warzōz, warzōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>warzą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>warzanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>warzas, warzis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>warzǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>warzai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>warzamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>warzō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>warzamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>warz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>warzōz, warzōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>wersene, wirsene</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*warr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>warre, weer, wier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>warre</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*warr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>warre, weer, wier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>war, weer, wier, weure, weur</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>weerooghe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wearr, wear</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>warre, werre, werr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>weerock</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>war, waur, wer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wearr, wear</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>warre, werre, werr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Early Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wyrok</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>wirrok, werrock, warrack, warrach, warroch</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*warʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wearr, wear</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>warre, werre, werr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>war</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>warrabee, warble</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wars</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>wersene, wirsene</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wars</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*warr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>warre, weer, wier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>warre</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wars</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*warr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>warre, weer, wier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>war, weer, wier, weure, weur</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>weerooghe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wars</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wearr, wear</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>warre, werre, werr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>weerock</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>war, waur, wer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wars</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wearr, wear</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>warre, werre, werr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Early Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wyrok</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>wirrok, werrock, warrack, warrach, warroch</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wars</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wearr, wear</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>warre, werre, werr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>war</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>warrabee, warble</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>weer</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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