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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *werpaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_werpaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_rhembo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ῥέμβω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>rhémbō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to turn in circles</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wergw" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wergʷ-</orth>
          <def>to bend, spin, warp</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_verti" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*vèrťi</orth>
          <def>to throw, leap</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_werpana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/werpaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>werpaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwer.pɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᛖᚱᛈᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to throw</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to cast</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wergw"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wergw">*wergʷ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to bend, spin, warp’), with the *-p- in the Germanic form likely being the expected result after resonants in words beginning with a labial consonant (compare *fimf (‘five’) and *wulfaz (‘wolf’) for other Proto-Germanic terms with similar outcomes). Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_rhembo"><ref target="#cog_grc_rhembo">ῥέμβω</ref></mentioned> (rhémbō, ‘to turn in circles’) (whence ῥόμβος (rhómbos, ‘spinning top’), borrowed into English as rhombus), and possibly Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_verti"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_verti">*vèrťi</ref></mentioned> (‘to throw, leap’) (though Kroonen is skeptical of the link to the Slavic).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>werpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>werpaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>werpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wirpizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>werpaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>werp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>werpazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>werpaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wirpidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>werpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>werpadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>werpadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>werpaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>werpōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>werpaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>werpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>werpaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>werpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>werpamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>werpaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>werpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>werpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wirpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>werpaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wirpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>werpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>werpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>werpandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>werpain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>werpandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>werpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>werpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>warp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wurpį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>warft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wurpīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>warp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wurpī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>wurpū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>wurpīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>wurpudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>wurpīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wurpum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wurpīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wurpud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wurpīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wurpun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wurpīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>werpandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>wurpanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>werpaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*werpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>werpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>werpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>wèrpe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*werpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>werpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>werpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>werpen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>werp</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*werpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>weorpan, wurpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>werpen, warpe, warpen, warpyn, werp, werpe, werrpenn, worpe, wurpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>warp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>warp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*werpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>werpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>werpe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>werpe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*werpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>werfan, ƿerpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>wërfen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>werfen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*werpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>werpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>werpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>warpen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>verpa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>verpa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>verpe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>verpe, verpa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>wærpæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>værpe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>værpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>värpa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍀𐌰𐌽 (wairpan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
