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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *werþaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_werþaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wert_e_ti" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wért-e-ti</orth>
          <def>to turn</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_werthana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/werþaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>werþaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwer.θɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᛖᚱᚦᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to become</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to come to be, to come into existence</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to happen, to come about</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wert_e_ti"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wert_e_ti">*wért-e-ti</ref></mentioned> (‘to turn’), with semantic shift "to turn" &gt; "to become (turn into)".</seg>
          </etym>
          <note type="Usage note">
            <head>Usage Note</head>
            <p>Used to form the passive voice, together with a past participle.</p>
          </note>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>werþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>werþaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>werþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wirþizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>werþaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>werþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>werþazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>werþaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wirþidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>werþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>werþadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>werþadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>werþaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>werþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>werþaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>werþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>werþaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>werþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>werþamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>werþaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>werþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>werþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wirþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>werþaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wirþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>werþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>werþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>werþandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>werþain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>werþandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>werþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>werþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>warþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wurdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>warst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wurdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>warþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wurdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>wurdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>wurdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>wurdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>wurdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wurdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wurdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wurdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wurdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wurdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wurdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>werþandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>wurdanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>werþaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*werþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>werthan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>werden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>waere</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*werþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>werthan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>werden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>worden</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>word</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>word</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Petjo</lang>
                          <orth>worden</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*werþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>weorþan, *wearþan, weorðan, worða, wurþan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>werthen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>worth, word</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>worth</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*werþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>wertha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wäide</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wurde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*werþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>werdan, ƿerdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>werden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>wërde</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>wääde, wääre</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>werden</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>wäerten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>waerre</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ווערן (vern)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*werþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>werthan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>warden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>werden, worden, warden, warrn, worrn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>werda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>verða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>verða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>vart</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>verta, verte</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>warþa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>warthæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>vorde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>vorde</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>værþa, varþa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>varda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽 (wairþan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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