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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *werþaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_werþaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wert" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wert-</orth>
          <def>to turn</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_werthaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/werþaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>werþaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwer.θɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᛖᚱᚦᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>worthy, valuable</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *wértos. While Kroonen leaves the origin open, Matasović derives the word from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wert"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wert">*wert-</ref></mentioned> (‘to turn’) through an intermediary meaning of "exchange", a development also seen in Celtic; compare Proto-Brythonic *gwerθ (‘worth, price’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>werþaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>werþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>werþą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>werþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>werþôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>werþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>werþanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>werþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>werþą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>werþanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>werþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>werþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>werþas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>werþaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>werþas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>werþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>werþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>werþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>werþammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>werþaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>werþammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>werþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>werþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>werþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>werþanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>werþaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>werþanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>werþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>werþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>werþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>werþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>werþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>werþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>werþaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>werþōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>werþōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>werþanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>werþōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>werþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>werþanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>werþōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>werþōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>werþiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>werþōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>werþiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>werþanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>werþōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>werþanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>werþini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>werþōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>werþini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>werþammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>werþōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>werþammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>werþinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>werþōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>werþinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>werþammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>werþōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>werþammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>weorþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>worth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>worth</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>wirth</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>werth</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>werd</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>werth</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>wert</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Estonian</lang>
                      <orth>väärt</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>werth</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wert, waert</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>waard</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>waarde</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>werd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>wert</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                      <orth>bèart</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>Weert</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>wäert</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>ווערט (vert), ווערד (verd)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>werd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>wert</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>wert, Wert</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Polish</lang>
                        <orth>wart</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Ukrainian</lang>
                        <orth>вартий (vartyj)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>værd</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>verður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>verður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?, verdt, verd</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>værþer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>värd</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>værd</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>verður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>verður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?, verdt, verd</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>verð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>værþer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>värd</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (wairþs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸 (wairþ)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*vërta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Estonian</lang>
                    <orth>võrd</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>verta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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