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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wesaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wesaną_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wesana_1" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wesaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wesaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwe.sɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᛖᛊᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Irregular</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to be</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to remain</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to exist</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From two different Proto-Indo-European roots:</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>immi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>izi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sijēs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wes</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>isti</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sijē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wesadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>izū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>sīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>izudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sīþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wesadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>izum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>izud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wisid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sindi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wesandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>was</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wēzį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wast</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wēzīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>was</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wēzī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>wēzū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>wēzīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>wēzudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>wēzīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wēzum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wēzīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wēzud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wēzīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wēzun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wēzīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>wesandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>wesaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wesan, weson</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wēsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>waeze</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wesan, weson</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wēsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wezen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>wees</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>wêze</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>wees, wis</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wesen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>wēsa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>weze</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wêze</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>wësen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>wesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wēsen, sîn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                        <orth>waen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>wesen, ween</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>vesa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>vera</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>wårå</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>vera</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>vera</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                      <orth>vara, ve</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>vera, vè, vårå, vørå, vørrø, vara, va</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>wara</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>vera</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>wæræ, waræ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>være</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>være</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>vera</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vara, væra, væræ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>vara</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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