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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *widuwǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_widuwǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1widhewh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁widʰéwh₂</orth>
          <def>widow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_widuwo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/widuwǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>widuwǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwi.ðu.wɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚹᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>widow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1widhewh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1widhewh2">*h₁widʰéwh₂</ref></mentioned> (‘widow’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>widuwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>widuwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>widuwōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>widuwōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>widuwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>widuwōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>widuwōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>widuwōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>widuwōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>widuwōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>widuwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>widuwōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*widuwā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>widowa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>weduwe, wedewe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>weduwe, weeuw</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>weduwee</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Hindustani</lang>
                          <orth>widhwá</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>weduwe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*widuwā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>widuwe, widua, wuduwe, widewe, wyduwe, weoduwe, weodewe, wydewe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>widwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>widow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>weedae, wedow, widdow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*widuwā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>widwe, wedwe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Wiede-, Wiedewieuw, Wiedekäärel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>widdo</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*widuwā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wituwa, witawa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>witewe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>bittaba</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Witwe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Wit-, Witfra, Witmann</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>wytwa</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*widuwā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>widuwa, widowa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wedewe, weduwe, wedue</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Wät-, Wätfru</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍅𐍉 (widuwō)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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