<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *widuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_widuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_widus" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*widus</orth>
          <def>wood, trees</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1weydhh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁weydʰh₁-</orth>
          <def>to separate, split, cleave, divide</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_vidus" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>vidùs</orth>
          <def>middle, i.e. forested area between two habitations</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_widuz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/widuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>widuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwi.ðuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᛁᛞᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>forest</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>wood</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>tree</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *h₁widʰ-u-s, and cognate with Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_widus"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_widus">*widus</ref></mentioned> (‘wood, trees’), with both roots likely tracing further to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1weydhh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1weydhh1">*h₁weydʰh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to separate, split, cleave, divide’) (whence Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_vidus"><ref target="#cog_lit_vidus">vidùs</ref></mentioned> (‘middle, i.e. forested area between two habitations’)), with sense development "set apart, abandoned" &gt; "desolate area like a forest" &gt; "wood".</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>widuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>widiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>widų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>widunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>widauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>widiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>widiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>widumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>widū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>widumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>widu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>widiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*widu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*widu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wēde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wede, -wedde, Onstwedde</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*widu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>widu, wudu, weadu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wode</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wood</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wod, wuid</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*widu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>witu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>wite</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*widu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>widu, wido</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wēde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚹᛁᛞᚢᛉ (*widuʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>viðr, vyðr</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚹᛁᛞᚢᛉ (*widuʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>wið</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>viður</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>viður</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>ved, vid</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚹᛁᛞᚢᛉ (*widuʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>with</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ved</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>ved</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚹᛁᛞᚢᛉ (*widuʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>viþer, vedher</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>ved</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*viita</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>viita</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
