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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wraiþaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wraiþaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wreyt" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wreyt-</orth>
          <def>to turn, twist</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wraithaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wraiþaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wraiþaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwrɑi̯.θɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚱᚨᛁᚦᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>twisted, curled, bent, wry, uneven</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>angry, furious, wroth</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>hostile, violent</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wreyt"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wreyt">*wreyt-</ref></mentioned> (‘to turn, twist’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>wraiþaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>wraiþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>wraiþą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>wraiþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>wraiþôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>wraiþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>wraiþanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>wraiþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>wraiþą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>wraiþanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>wraiþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>wraiþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>wraiþas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>wraiþaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>wraiþas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>wraiþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>wraiþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>wraiþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>wraiþammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>wraiþaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>wraiþammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>wraiþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>wraiþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>wraiþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>wraiþanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>wraiþaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>wraiþanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>wraiþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>wraiþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>wraiþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>wraiþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>wraiþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>wraiþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>wraiþaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>wraiþōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>wraiþōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>wraiþanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>wraiþōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>wraiþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>wraiþanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>wraiþōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>wraiþōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>wraiþiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>wraiþōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>wraiþiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>wraiþanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>wraiþōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>wraiþanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>wraiþini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>wraiþōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>wraiþini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>wraiþammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>wraiþōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>wraiþammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>wraiþinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>wraiþōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>wraiþinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>wraiþammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>wraiþōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>wraiþammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wraiþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wrēth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wreet</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wreed</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>wreed</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wraiþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wrāþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wrath, wroth</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wrath, wroth</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wraith</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wraiþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>wrēth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wreed</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wreed</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wraiþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>reid, wrēde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>reit</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>reid</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>fried</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wraiþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>wrēth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wrêt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>wreed, wreet</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>vreiðr, reiðr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>vreid</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>vreiðr, reiðr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>wreth</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>vred</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>vred</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Russenorsk</lang>
                          <orth>vred</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>vreiðr, reiðr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vrēþer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>vred</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old West Norse</lang>
                    <orth>reiðr, vreiðr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>vreiður, reiður</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>reiður</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>reid</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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