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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wrangaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wrangaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wrangaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wrangaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wrangaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwrɑŋ.ɡɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚱᚨᚾᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>twisted, warped, bent, crooked, wry</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>wretched, wicked, unjust</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">An adjectival formation from *wringaną (‘to wring, twist’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>wrangaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>wrangō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>wrangą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>wrangai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>wrangôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>wrangō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>wranganǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>wrangǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>wrangą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>wranganz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>wrangōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>wrangō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>wrangas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>wrangaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>wrangas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>wrangaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>wrangaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>wrangaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>wrangammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>wrangaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>wrangammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>wrangaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>wrangaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>wrangaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>wranganō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>wrangaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>wranganō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>wrangaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>wrangaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>wrangaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>wrangô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>wrangǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>wrangô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>wranganiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>wrangōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>wrangōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>wranganų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>wrangōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>wrangô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>wranganunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>wrangōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>wrangōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>wranginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>wrangōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>wranginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>wranganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>wrangōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>wranganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>wrangini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>wrangōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>wrangini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>wrangammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>wrangōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>wrangammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>wranginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>wrangōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>wranginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>wrangammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>wrangōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>wrangammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrang</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wrang, *wrank</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wranc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wrang</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>vrank, wrang</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrang</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*wrang</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wrang</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrang</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*wrang, *wrank</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wrank, wrange</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚹᚱᚨᛜᚨᛉ (*wraŋaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>vrangr, rangr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>rwaungg</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>vrang, vrang’e, vrång’e</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>wrang</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>vránger</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚹᚱᚨᛜᚨᛉ (*wraŋaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>vrangr, rangr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Later Old West Norse</lang>
                      <orth>rangr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>rangur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                        <orth>rangur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                        <orth>ráng</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norn</lang>
                        <orth>rang</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>rang, rang’u, rång’e</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚹᚱᚨᛜᚨᛉ (*wraŋaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>vrangr, rangr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>wrangær</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>vrang</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>vrang</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚹᚱᚨᛜᚨᛉ (*wraŋaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>vrangr, rangr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>wranger</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>vrång</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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