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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wrankijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wrankijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wrankijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wrankijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wrankijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwrɑŋ.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚱᚨᚾᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to wring, to twist</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly the causative of *wrinkaną, or more likely *wringaną + *-janą, the root final -k- was adopted from the iterative verb *wrunkōną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrankijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrankijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrankijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrankīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrankijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrankī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrankijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrankijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrankīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrankijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrankijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrankijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrankijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrankijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrankijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrankijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrankijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrankijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrankijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrankijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrankijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrankijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrankīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrankijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrankīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrankijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrankijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrankijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrankijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrankijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrankijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrankijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrankidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrankidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrankidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrankidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrankidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrankidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrankidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrankidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrankidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrankidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrankidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrankidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrankidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrankidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrankidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrankidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>wrankijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>wrankidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>wrankijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrankijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wrencan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wrenchen, wrenche, wrynche, wrenk, wrenke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wrench</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrankijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wrencan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wrenchen, wrenche, wrynche, wrenk, wrenke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wrenk, wrink</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>renk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrankijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*renken</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>renken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>renken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍅𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wragkjan)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Catalan</lang>
                    <orth>ranquejar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Galician</lang>
                    <orth>ranquear</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Spanish</lang>
                    <orth>renquear</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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