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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wringaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wringaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_rhimpha" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ῥίμφα</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>rhímpha</orth>
          </form>
          <def>quickly, fast</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wrengh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wrengʰ-</orth>
          <def>to squeeze, wring</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_rangyti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>rangýti</orth>
          <def>to writhe</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wringana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wringaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wringaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚱᛁᚾᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to squeeze, twist, wring</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably related to Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_rangyti"><ref target="#cog_lit_rangyti">rangýti</ref></mentioned> (‘to writhe’), pointing to a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wrengh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wrengh">*wrengʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to squeeze, wring’). If additionally related to Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_rhimpha"><ref target="#cog_grc_rhimpha">ῥίμφα</ref></mentioned> (rhímpha, ‘quickly, fast’), the root is to be reconstructed as *wrengʷʰ- (‘to squeeze, wring’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wringō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wringaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wringai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wringizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wringaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wring</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wringazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wringaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wringidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wringai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wringadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wringadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wringaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wringōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wringaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wringadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wringaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wringadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wringamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wringaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wringandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wringaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wringid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wringaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wringid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wringandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wringaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wringandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wringain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wringandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wringandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wringaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrang</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrungį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wranht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrungīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrang</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrungī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrungū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrungīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrungudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrungīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrungum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrungīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrungud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrungīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrungun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrungīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>wringandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>wrunganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>wringaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wringan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wringan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wringen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>wringe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wringan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wringan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wringen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wringen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>wring</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wringan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wringan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wryngen, wringen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wring</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wryng, wring</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wringan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*wringa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wringe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wringe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wringan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ringan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ringen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>ringen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>réngen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wringan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>wringan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wringen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>wringen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>wringen, ringen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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