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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wrībaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wrībaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_rhipto" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ῥίπτω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>rhíptō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to throw, cast</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wer" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wer-</orth>
          <def>to close, shut, lock, protect, defend, block</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wribana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wrībaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wrībaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwriː.βɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚱᛁᛒᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to rub</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to wipe</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wreyp- / *wrīp-, from a labial extension of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wer"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wer">*wer-</ref></mentioned> (‘to turn’), whence Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_rhipto"><ref target="#cog_grc_rhipto">ῥίπτω</ref></mentioned> (rhíptō, ‘to throw, cast’), though this is disputed.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrībō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrībaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrībai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrībizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrībaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrīb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrībazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrībaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrībidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrībai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrībadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrībadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrībaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrībōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrībaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrībadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrībaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrībadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrībamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrībaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrībandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrībaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrībid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrībaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrībid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrībandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrībaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrībandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrībain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrībandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrībandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrībaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wraib</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wribį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wraift</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wribīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wraib</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wribī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>wribū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>wribīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>wribudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>wribīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wribum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wribīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wribud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wribīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wribun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wribīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>wrībandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>wribanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>wrībaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wrīvan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wrîven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>wrieve</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wrīvan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wrîven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wrijven</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>vryf, vrywe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>riper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>riper, ripper</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>riper</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*wrīva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wrieuwe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wriuwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rīban, *rīvan, *wrīvan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rīben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>riibe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>reiben</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rīban, *rīvan, *wrīvan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rīben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>rieve, frieve, reive</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>reive</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>reiwen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>wrīvan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wrîven, rîven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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