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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wrīhaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wrīhaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wreyk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wreyḱ-</orth>
          <def>to twist, weave, bind</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_rica" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>rīca</orth>
          <def>veil, toile</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wrihana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wrīhaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wrīhaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwriː.xɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚱᛁᚺᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to wind, turn</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to wrap, cover, shroud, envelop</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wreyk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wreyk">*wreyḱ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to twist, weave, bind’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_rica"><ref target="#cog_lat_rica">rīca</ref></mentioned> (‘veil, toile’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrīhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrīhaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrīhai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrīhizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrīhaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrīh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrīhazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrīhaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrīhidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrīhai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrīhadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrīhadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrīhaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrīhōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrīhaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrīhadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrīhaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrīhadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrīhaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wraih</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrigį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wraiht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrigīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wraih</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrigī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrigū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrigīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrigudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrigīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrigum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrigīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrigud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrigīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrigun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrigīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>wrīhandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>wriganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>wrīhaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīhan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rīgan, *rīan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rîen, rijenn, rîgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rijgen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>riege</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīhan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wrēon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wrihen, wreon, wrien, wryen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wry</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīhan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*wrīgia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wreigenge, wrichte</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>riuwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīhan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rīhan, *rīgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rîhen, rîgen, rîhhen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>reihen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>reien</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīhan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*wrīgan, *wrīan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rîgen, rîen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rīgan, *rīan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rîen, rijenn, rîgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rijgen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>riege</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wrēon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wrihen, wreon, wrien, wryen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wry</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*wrīgia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wreigenge, wrichte</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>riuwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rīhan, *rīgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rîhen, rîgen, rîhhen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>reihen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>reien</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*wrīgan, *wrīan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rîgen, rîen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rīgan, *rīan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rîen, rijenn, rîgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rijgen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>riege</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wrēon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wrihen, wreon, wrien, wryen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wry</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*wrīgia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wreigenge, wrichte</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>riuwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rīhan, *rīgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rîhen, rîgen, rîhhen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>reihen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>reien</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*wrīgan, *wrīan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rîgen, rîen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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