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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wrīþaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wrīþaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wreyt" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wreyt-</orth>
          <def>to turn, twist</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_writhana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wrīþaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wrīþaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwriː.θɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚱᛁᚦᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to weave, to twist</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wreyt"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wreyt">*wreyt-</ref></mentioned> (‘to twist, writhe’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrīþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrīþaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrīþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrīþizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrīþaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrīþazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrīþaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrīþidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrīþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrīþadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrīþadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrīþaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrīþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrīþaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrīþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrīþaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrīþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrīþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wraiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wridį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wraist</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wridīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wraiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wridī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>wridū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>wridīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>wridudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>wridīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wridum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wridīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wridud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wridīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wridun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wridīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>wrīþandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>wridanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>wrīþaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wrīthan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>writen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wrīþan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>writhen, wrythen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>writhe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wryth, writhe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wrīdan, rīdan, *rīdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>riddare</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wrīdan, rīdan, *rīdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rīden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>reiden, wrideln</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrīþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wrīdan, rīdan, *rīdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>rider</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>rider</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>rider</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>rwaiða, wraiða, waiða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>bräida</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>vrida, vri</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>vri</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>writhæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>vriða</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>writhæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>vride</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>vride</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>vrīþa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vrida</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>rwaiða, wraiða, waiða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>bräida</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>vrida, vri</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>vri</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>writhæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>vriða</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>writhæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>vride</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>vride</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>vrīþa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vrida</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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