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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wrōtaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wrōtaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_hreh3d" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*Hreh₃d-</orth>
          <def>to scrape, gnaw, scratch</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wrotana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wrōtaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wrōtaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwrɔː.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚱᛟᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7e</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to root, to dig with the nose</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hreh3d"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hreh3d">*Hreh₃d-</ref></mentioned> (‘to scrape, gnaw’), or alternatively a verbal formation related to *wrōts (‘root’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrōtō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrōtaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wrōtai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrōtizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrōtaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrōt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrōtazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wrōtaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrōtidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrōtai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrōtadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrōtadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wrōtaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrōtōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wrōtaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrōtadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrōtaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wrōtadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wrōtaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wewrōt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wewrōtį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wewrōst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wewrōtīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wewrōt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wewrōtī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>wewrōtū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>wewrōtīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>wewrōtudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>wewrōtīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wewrōtum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wewrōtīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wewrōtud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wewrōtīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wewrōtun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wewrōtīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>wrōtandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>wrōtanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>wrōtaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ruozzen</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wruotan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wroeten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wroeten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wrōtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wroten, wrooten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>root</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wrutt, wort, rute, wirt, ruit</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wrōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*wrōtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wrôten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>wröten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>róta</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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