<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wulfaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wulfaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wlkwos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wĺ̥kʷos</orth>
          <def>wolf</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wulfaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wulfaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wulfaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwul.ɸɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚢᛚᚠᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>wolf</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *wúlpos, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wlkwos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wlkwos">*wĺ̥kʷos</ref></mentioned> (‘wolf’). Changes: *wúlkʷos &gt; *wúlpos &gt; *wulfaz (analogically: *pénkʷe &gt; *pémpe &gt; *fimf). If *wúlkʷos didn't change to *wúlpos, it would look like **wulhwaz in Proto-Germanic.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>wulfaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>wulfōz, wulfōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>wulfą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>wulfanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>wulfas, wulfis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>wulfǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>wulfai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>wulfamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>wulfō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>wulfamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>wulf</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>wulfōz, wulfōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wulf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wulf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wolf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>wólf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wulf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wulf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wolf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wolf</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>wolf</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>wâlf</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wulf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wulf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wolf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wolf</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>wuluwuluk</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Virgin Islands Creole</lang>
                            <orth>wuluwuluk</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wulf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wulf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wolf, wolfe, woulf, wulf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wolf</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Ido</lang>
                          <orth>volfo</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Marshallese</lang>
                          <orth>oļip</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wulf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wulf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wolf, wolfe, woulf, wulf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wolf, woulf</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>wouf, oof, ouf, woof</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wulf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>wolf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Wulf</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wolf</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wulf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wolf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>wolf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>wolf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Woif, Wolf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Wolf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Wollef</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Wollef</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Wolf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>wūf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>וואָלף (volf)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wulf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>wulf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wulf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Wulf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wulf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>wulf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wulf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Westphalian</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚹᚢᛚᚠᚨᛉ (*wulfaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ulfr, úlfr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>ulv</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>úlvur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>ulv, ålv</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>úlfur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>ulv</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>ulv, úv'e, olv, ålv</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚹᚢᛚᚠᚨᛉ (*wulfaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ulfr, úlfr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ulv</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ulv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚹᚢᛚᚠᚨᛉ (*wulfaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ulfr, úlfr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ulver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>ulv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃 (wulfs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
