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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wundō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wundō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_ymwan" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>ymwan</orth>
          <def>to battle</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2wen" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂wen-</orth>
          <def>to strike, injure, hurt</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2wntos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂wn̥tós</orth>
          <def>wounded</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wundo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wundō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wundō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwun.dɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚢᚾᛞᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>wound</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Nominal formation from *wundaz (‘wounded’), from Proto-Indo-European *wn̥-tó-s, from a root *wen- (‘to strive, toil, win’), invoking a sense of "toiled (in battle)". Kroonen considers the word related to *winnaną (‘idem’), while Orel compares Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_ymwan"><ref target="#cog_cym_ymwan">ymwan</ref></mentioned> (‘to battle’) and perhaps Old Armenian վանդեմ (vandem, ‘to destroy’). It is possible that all these terms are related to each other, as well.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Older theories derive the word from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2wntos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2wntos">*h₂wn̥tós</ref></mentioned> (‘wounded’), from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2wen"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2wen">*h₂wen-</ref></mentioned> (‘to strike, injure, hurt’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>wundō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>wundôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>wundǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>wundōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>wundōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>wundǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>wundōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>wundōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>wundō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>wundōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>wundō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>wundôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wunda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wunde, wonde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>wónj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wunda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wunde, wonde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wond, wonde</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>wond</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>wond</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wund, wonde, wound</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wound</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wond, wound</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>wunde, unde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Wuunde</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wûne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wunta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>wunde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>bunta</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Wunde</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Wonn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>וווּנד (vund)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>wunda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wunde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Wunn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚹᚢᛞᚢ (*wudu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>und</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>vunde</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>und</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>und</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (*wunda)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 (wundufni)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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