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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wurkijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wurkijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wurkijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wurkijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wurkijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwur.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚢᚱᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to work, to do work</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to make</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵyéti, from *werǵ-, whence also *werką and *wirkijaną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wurkijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wurkijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wurkijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wurkīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wurkijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wurkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wurkijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wurkijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wurkīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wurkijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wurkijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wurkijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wurkijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wurkijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>wurkijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wurkijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wurkijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>wurkijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wurkijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wurkijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wurkijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wurkijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wurkīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wurkijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wurkīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wurkijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wurkijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wurkijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wurkijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wurkijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wurkijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wurkijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wurhtǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>wurhtēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wurhtēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>wurhtēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wurhtē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>wurhtēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>wurhtēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>wurhtēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>wurhtēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>wurhtēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wurhtēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>wurhtēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wurhtēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>wurhtēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wurhtēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>wurhtēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>wurkijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>wurkidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>wurkijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wurkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>workian, wurkian</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wurkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wyrċan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>werken, worken, worchen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>work</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wurkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>werka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>werke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wurkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wurken</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>werken, würken</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>yrtja, uorka</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>yrkja, orka</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>yrkja, orka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>irken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>irk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>yrke, orke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>yrkja, yrke, orka, orke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>yrkæ, orkæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ørke, orke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>yrkia, orka</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                        <orth>yrke, orke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>yrkia, orka</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>yrka, orka</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>yrtja, uorka</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>yrkja, orka</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>yrkja, orka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>irken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>irk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>yrke, orke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>yrkja, yrke, orka, orke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>yrkæ, orkæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ørke, orke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>yrkia, orka</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                        <orth>yrke, orke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>yrkia, orka</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>yrka, orka</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>yrtja, uorka</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>yrkja, orka</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>yrkja, orka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>irken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>irk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>yrke, orke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>yrkja, yrke, orka, orke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>yrkæ, orkæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ørke, orke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>yrkia, orka</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                        <orth>yrke, orke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>yrkja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>yrkia, orka</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>yrka, orka</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (waurkjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>warthata</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*pürkidäk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*përkëtēk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
