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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wurmiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wurmiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_rhomos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ῥόμος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>rhómos</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wrmis" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wr̥mis</orth>
          <def>worm</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_varmas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>var̃mas</orth>
          <def>bug, fly</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_prg_wormyan" xml:lang="prg" type="cognate">
          <orth>wormyan</orth>
          <def>red</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wurmiz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wurmiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wurmiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwur.miz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᚢᚱᛗᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>worm</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>serpent, snake, dragon</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wrmis"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wrmis">*wr̥mis</ref></mentioned> (‘worm’). Cognate with Latin vermis, Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_rhomos"><ref target="#cog_grc_rhomos">ῥόμος</ref></mentioned> (rhómos), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_varmas"><ref target="#cog_lit_varmas">var̃mas</ref></mentioned> (‘bug, fly’), Old Prussian <mentioned xml:lang="prg" target="#cog_prg_wormyan"><ref target="#cog_prg_wormyan">wormyan</ref></mentioned> (‘red’), Old East Slavic *вьрмиѥ (*vĭrmije) (whence Ukrainian вермяний (vermjanyj, ‘red’)). The meaning red developed from a colour that one gains by a scale insect.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>wurmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>wurmīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>wurmį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>wurminz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>wurmīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>wurmijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>wurmī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>wurmimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>wurmī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>wurmimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>wurmi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>wurmīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wurmi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wurm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>worm, wurm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>worm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wurmi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wurm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>worm, wurm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>worm, wurm</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>wurm</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>worum</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>worm, wurum</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wurmi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wyrm, weorm, wurm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>wyrm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wurmi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wyrm, weorm, wurm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>worm, werm, wirm, worme, wrim, wurm, wyrm, wyrme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>worm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>worm, wirm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wurmi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>gourme, gorme</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>French</lang>
                      <orth>gourme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Spanish</lang>
                        <orth>gurma</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wurmi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>worm, werm, wirm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Wurm, Wúurm</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wjirm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wurmi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wurm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>wurm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Wüüre</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Wurm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Worrem</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Wuerm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>wüm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>וואָרעם (vorem)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wurmi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>wurm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>worm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Worm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ormr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>orm</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>uorm</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>ormur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>årm, årrm</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>ormur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>orm</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>orm</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ormr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ormber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>orm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌼𐍃 (waurms)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*urmē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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