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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *wēpną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_wēpną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_txb_knife" xml:lang="txb" type="cognate">
          <orth>yepe</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>knife</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_wepna" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wēpną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>wēpną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈwɛːp.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚹᛖᛈᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>weapon</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Based on the variant form *wēbną (whence Old Norse vámn, Old English wǣmn), Kroonen derives both from an earlier noun *wēbō, itself from an iterative verb *wappōną (‘to wave, shake’) (whence Old English wafian (‘to wave’), Old High German waben, wappen (‘to waver, shake’), Dutch wapperen (‘idem’)). Said verb is thought to be either sound-symbolic or related to Proto-Germanic *webaną (‘to weave’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Other theories tentatively compare Tocharian B <mentioned xml:lang="txb" target="#cog_txb_knife"><ref target="#cog_txb_knife">yepe</ref></mentioned> (knife); if so, both may derive from a Proto-Indo-European form such as *wēbnom or *wēben.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>wēpną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>wēpnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>wēpną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>wēpnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>wēpnas, wēpnis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>wēpnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>wēpnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>wēpnamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>wēpnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>wēpnamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>wēpną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>wēpnō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wāpn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wāpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wapen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wapen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wāpn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wǣpn, wǣpen, wǣmn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wepen, wepne, wepyn, wapon, weapon, wepene, wepon, weppen, wapen, wapyn, wæpenn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>weapon</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wāpn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>wǣpn, wǣpen, wǣmn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wepen, wepne, wepyn, wapon, weapon, wepene, wepon, weppen, wapen, wapyn, wæpenn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wapyn, wapoun, wappin</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>wappen, wappin</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wāpn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*wāpin, wēpin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Woapen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wapen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wāpn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wāfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>wāfen, wapen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Waaffe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>וואָפֿן (vofn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wāpn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wāfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>wāfen, wapen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>Waff</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Waff</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wāpn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wāfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>wāfen, wapen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Waffe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Waffe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wāpn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>wāpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wāpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Wapen, Wopen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*wāpn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>wāpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wāpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>wāpen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Wappen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vápn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>wapen, waken-</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>vápn, vákn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>vopn, vokn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>våpn, våpen, våknhus, våkenhus</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vápn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Northern Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>wapen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                      <orth>wapyn, wapoun, wappin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wappen, wappin</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vápn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>wāpn, wākn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>vaben</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vápn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>wāpn, wākn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>våben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>våpen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>vápn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>vapn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>vapen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽 (wēpn)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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