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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þahsuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þahsuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_tikto" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>τίκτω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>tíktō</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_toskos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*toskos</orth>
          <def>badger</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_texo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>texō</orth>
          <def>weave, braid, build, compose</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thahsuz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þahsuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þahsuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθɑx.suz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚨᚺᛊᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>badger</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *tótḱ-us, from *tetḱ- (‘to weave, braid, add, establish, construct’), likely owing to the badger's propensity to dig and thus construct tunnels. In this case, cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_texo"><ref target="#cog_lat_texo">texō</ref></mentioned> (‘weave, braid, build, compose’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_tikto"><ref target="#cog_grc_tikto">τίκτω</ref></mentioned> (tíktō), τέχνη (tékhnē), τέκτων (téktōn).</seg>
            <seg type="p">However, later scholarship rejects the above relation and, in light of Proto-Celtic *taskos, has been derived from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_toskos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_toskos">*toskos</ref></mentioned> (‘badger’), which Kroonen considers to be a loanword from some unidentified western European substrate.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>þahsuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>þahsiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>þahsų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>þahsunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>þahsauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>þahsiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>þahsiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>þahsumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>þahsū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>þahsumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>þahsu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>þahsiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Late Latin</lang>
                    <orth>taxus, taxō</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>das</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>dasj</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>das</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>das</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>das</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>dās</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>das</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>das</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>das</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>das, dassie</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>dassie</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*thaks</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Taks</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>dahs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dahs</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>daks</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Dachs</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Duess</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>דאַקס (daks)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>dahs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dahs</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Dachs</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Dacks</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Dachs</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>Daks</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thahs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>das, dasse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Dass</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þax</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>taks</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tax</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þax</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>toks</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>svintoks</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þǫx</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>taks</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tax</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þǫx</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>toks</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>svintoks</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐍃 (*þahsus)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gothic</lang>
                    <orth>*𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐍃 (*þahsuks)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                      <orth>*taxūcus</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Aragonese</lang>
                        <orth>taxugo, taxubo, taxudo, texugo, texudo, texubo</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Spanish</lang>
                        <orth>tasugo, tajugo, tesugo</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐍃 (*þahsus)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gothic</lang>
                    <orth>*𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐍃 (*þahsuks)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                      <orth>*taxūcus</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Galician-Portuguese</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Galician</lang>
                          <orth>teixugo</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                          <orth>texugo, teixugo</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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