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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þarbō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þarbō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tharbo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þarbō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þarbō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθɑr.βɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚨᚱᛒᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>need</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *torp-éh₂, from *terp- (‘to satisfy; to need’). The details of the semantic shift are uncertain. According to Kroonen, Germanic may have preserved an older sense “to use” which has not survived in the other branches.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>þarbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>þarbôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>þarbǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>þarbōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>þarbōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>þarbǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>þarbōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>þarbōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>þarbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>þarbōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>þarbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>þarbôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þarbu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>darba</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þarbu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þearf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>thearf, therf</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þarbu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>tharf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bedarf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Bedarf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>Bedarf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚦᚨᚱᛒᚢ (*þarbu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>þǫrf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>tørvur, tarvur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>þörf</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚦᚨᚱᛒᚢ (*þarbu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>þǫrf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>tarv</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>tarv, torv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚦᚨᚱᛒᚢ (*þarbu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>þǫrf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tharf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>tarv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚦᚨᚱᛒᚢ (*þarbu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>þǫrf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>þarf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>tarv, tarf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚦᚨᚱᛒᚢ (*þarbu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ᚢᚦᛡᚱᛡᛒᛡ (uþᴀrᴀbᴀ)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                      <orth>óþǫrf, úþǫrf, óþarfa</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                        <orth>óþörf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>otharf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰 (þarba)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*tarbis</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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