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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þarmaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þarmaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_tormos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>τόρμος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>tórmos</orth>
          </form>
          <def>hole</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_tramis" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>τράμις</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>trámis</orth>
          </form>
          <def>space between anus and genitals; perineum</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tormos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*tórmos</orth>
          <def>borehole</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tharmaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þarmaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þarmaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθɑr.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚨᚱᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>intestine</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Likely from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tormos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tormos">*tórmos</ref></mentioned> (‘borehole’), and cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_tramis"><ref target="#cog_grc_tramis">τράμις</ref></mentioned> (trámis, ‘space between anus and genitals; perineum’). Though Kroonen explicitly adduces no further cognates, Orel appears to consider the root further derived from *terh₁- (‘to bore, pierce’), and additionally compares Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_tormos"><ref target="#cog_grc_tormos">τόρμος</ref></mentioned> (tórmos, ‘hole’), τείρω (teírō, ‘to wear out, distress’), τερέω (teréō, ‘to drill, bore’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>þarmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>þarmōz, þarmōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>þarmą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>þarmanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>þarmas, þarmis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>þarmǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>þarmai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>þarmamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>þarmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>þarmamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>þarm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>þarmōz, þarmōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þarm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*tharm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>darm, dāerm, derm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>derm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>derm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þarm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*tharm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>darm, dāerm, derm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>darm</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>derm</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>derm</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þarm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þearm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tharm, therm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>tharm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>thairm, tharm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þarm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>therm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>teerm</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Tíerm</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>term</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þarm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>darm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>darm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Darm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Daarem</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Daarm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>diüem</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þarm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>darm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>darm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>דאַרם (darm)</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>derma</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þarm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>tharm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>darm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Doarm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þarmr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tarmur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þarmur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tarm, tærm</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þarmr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tarm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>tarm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þarmr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tharmber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tarm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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