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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þerbaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þerbaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_trupeti" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>трупети</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>trupeti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to suffer</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_terp" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*terp-</orth>
          <def>to be stiff</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_torpeo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>torpeō</orth>
          <def>to be stiff</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_tirpti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>tir̃pti</orth>
          <def>to stiffen</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_terbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)terbʰ-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_therbaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þerbaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þerbaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθer.βɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᛖᚱᛒᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>unleavened (of bread)</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>fresh (of liquid)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_terp"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_terp">*terp-</ref></mentioned> (‘to be stiff’). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_tirpti"><ref target="#cog_lit_tirpti">tir̃pti</ref></mentioned> (‘to stiffen’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_torpeo"><ref target="#cog_lat_torpeo">torpeō</ref></mentioned> (‘to be stiff’), Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_trupeti"><ref target="#cog_chu_trupeti">трупети</ref></mentioned> (trupeti, ‘to suffer’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Older theories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_terbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_terbh">*(s)terbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘rigid; stiff; restricted; tight’), from *(s)ter- (‘stiff’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>þerbaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>þerbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>þerbą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>þerbai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>þerbôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>þerbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>þerbanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>þerbǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>þerbą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>þerbanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>þerbōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>þerbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>þerbas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>þerbaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>þerbas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>þerbaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>þerbaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>þerbaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>þerbammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>þerbaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>þerbammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>þerbaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>þerbaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>þerbaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>þerbanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>þerbaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>þerbanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>þerbaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>þerbaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>þerbaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>þerbô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>þerbǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>þerbô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>þerbaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>þerbōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>þerbōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>þerbanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>þerbōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>þerbô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>þerbanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>þerbōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>þerbōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>þerbiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>þerbōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>þerbiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>þerbanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>þerbōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>þerbanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>þerbini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>þerbōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>þerbini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>þerbammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>þerbōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>þerbammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>þerbinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>þerbōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>þerbinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>þerbammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>þerbōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>þerbammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>þeorf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>therf, tharf, tharfe, therfe, þarf, þerf, þerfe, þeorrf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>tharf</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>tharf, therf</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>þorof</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>therf, tharf, tharfe, therfe, þarf, þerf, þerfe, þeorrf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>tharf</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>tharf, therf</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>therf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>terew, serew</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>derf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>terew, serew</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>therve</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>terew, serew</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>derve</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>terew, serew</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>thervi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>derve</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>tharvi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>derve</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*therf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>derf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>derf</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>derb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>derp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>derb</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>derp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>derp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>derb</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þjarfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þjarfur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>tjerv</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tjerv</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kärv</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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