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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þeubaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þeubaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tewp" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*tewp-</orth>
          <def>to get down, conceal oneself</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_tupeti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>tupė́ti</orth>
          <def>to crouch, cower, squat</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_theubaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þeubaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þeubaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθeu̯.βɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>thief</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Proto-Germanic *tewpós, further origin is unknown. Probably related to Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_tupeti"><ref target="#cog_lit_tupeti">tupė́ti</ref></mentioned> (‘to crouch, cower, squat’) (from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tewp"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tewp">*tewp-</ref></mentioned> (‘to get down, conceal oneself’)). Alternatively, borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>þeubaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>þeubōz, þeubōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>þeubą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>þeubanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>þeubas, þiubis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>þeubǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>þeubai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>þeubamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>þeubō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>þeubamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>þeub</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>þeubōz, þeubōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þeub</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thiof</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dief</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>deef</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þeub</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thiof</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dief</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dief</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>dief</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þeub</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þēof</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>thef, theef, þef, þeef, þeof, thief, þief, þyef, thefe, theff, thyef</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>thief</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þeub</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þēof</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>thef, theef, þef, þeef, þeof, thief, þief, þyef, thefe, theff, thyef</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>theif, theef, theeff, theiff, theiffe, thef, thief, teif, tyif</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>thief</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þeub</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>thiāf, tiēf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Tjoof</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tsjeaf</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þeub</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>diob</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>diup, diep</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>diip</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Dieb</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Déif</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Dieb</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>dīb</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þeub</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thiof</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dêf, dief</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Deef, Deev, Deew, Deiw</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Deef, Deiw</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>Däif</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (*þeubaʀ)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (mariþeubaʀ)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*þiūβʀ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>tjuov</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*þiūβʀ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>thiūf, þiufær</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scanian</lang>
                        <orth>tjúv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*þiūβʀ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>thiūf, þiufær</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>tyv</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>tyv</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*þiūβʀ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>þiūver, þiuuær, þiuvær</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>tjuv, tjuf, tiuf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>þiaufr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>töiv</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old West Norse</lang>
                    <orth>þjófr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>tjóvur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>þjófur</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old West Norse</lang>
                    <orth>þjófr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>tjov, tjuv, tjóv’e, tju, tjyv</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>tjuv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌸𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (þiufs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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