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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þewanōstaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þewanōstaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thewanostaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þewanōstaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þewanōstaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθe.wɑ.nɔː.stɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᛖᚹᚨᚾᛟᛊᛏᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>service</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *þewanōną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>þewanōstaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>þewanōstōz, þewanōstōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>þewanōstą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>þewanōstanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>þewanōstas, þewanōstis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>þewanōstǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>þewanōstai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>þewanōstamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>þewanōstō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>þewanōstamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>þewanōst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>þewanōstōz, þewanōstōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þewanōst</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thionost</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dienst</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dienst</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                          <orth>dinas</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þewanōst</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*þēonost, *þēonest, þeġnest, þēnest</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>theonest</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þewanōst</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>thiānost, thiānest</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Tjoonst</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tjienst, tjinst, tsjinst</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þewanōst</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>dionōst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dienest, dienst</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Deens</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Dienst</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Déngscht</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>דינסט (dinst)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þewanōst</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thionost</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dênst</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Deenst, Dennst</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Deenst</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þewanōst</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thionost</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                      <orth>þénasta</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>tænasta</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þjónusta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tænasta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þjónusta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tenest, teneste</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þjónusta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>thiænæstæ, þianæstæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tjeneste</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>tjeneste</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þjónusta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>þiænist</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Finnish</lang>
                      <orth>tienesti</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tjänst</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þjónasta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tænasta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þjónusta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tenest, teneste</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þjónasta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>thiænæstæ, þianæstæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tjeneste</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>tjeneste</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þjónasta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>þiænist</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Finnish</lang>
                      <orth>tienesti</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tjänst</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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