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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þistilaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þistilaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tetk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*tetḱ-</orth>
          <def>to hew, fashion</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thistilaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þistilaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þistilaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθis.ti.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᛁᛊᛏᛁᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>thistle</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Usually considered to derive from pre-Germanic *(s)teyg- (‘to pierce, prick, be sharp’), though with superficial mechanical reasoning, with dubious though formally possibly succedent zero-grade *-sd- (‘sitting’), having acquired the Germanic suffix *-ilaz. Compare *mistilaz for the formation.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Alternatively, Orel considers the word to be formed from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tetk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tetk">*tetḱ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to cut, fashion’) + *-elo- (the latter whence *-ilaz).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>þistilaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>þistilōz, þistilōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>þistilą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>þistilanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>þistilas, þistilis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>þistilǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>þistilai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>þistilamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>þistilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>þistilamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>þistil</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>þistilōz, þistilōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þistil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thistil</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>distel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>distel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>distel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þistil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þistel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>thistel, þistel, thystyl, þistil, thestel, thystylle, thystyll, þestel, thistill, þystel, þissle, thystul</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>thistle</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>thrissel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þistil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*thistel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Tíesel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tister</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þistil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>distil, distila</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>distel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Distel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Dëschtel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Dischdel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>döstuł</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þistil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thistil, thīstil</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>distel, dîstel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Diestel, Dießel, Diesel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þistill</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tistil</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>tissle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þistill</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>tistel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>tizle</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þistill</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>thistæl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tidsel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þistill</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>þistil</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tistel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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