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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þiudijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þiudijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tew" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*tew-</orth>
          <def>to hearken, take notice, regard in a friendly manner</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tewteh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*tewtéh₂</orth>
          <def>tribe</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thiudijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þiudijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθiu̯.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᛁᚢᛞᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to associate (with); engage with; attach to; join (with); connect</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to interpret; point out; explain</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Origin obscure. Possibly a conflated word, partly from *þeudō (‘people’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tewteh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tewteh2">*tewtéh₂</ref></mentioned> (‘people’); and partly from *þiudijaz, *þiudiz (‘good, friendly’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tew"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tew">*tew-</ref></mentioned> (‘to hearken, take notice, regard in a friendly manner’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þiudijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þiudijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þiudijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þiudīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þiudijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þiudī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þiudijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þiudijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þiudīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þiudijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þiudijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þiudijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þiudijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þiudijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þiudijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þiudijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þiudijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þiudijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þiudijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þiudijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þiudijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þiudijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þiudīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þiudijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þiudīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þiudijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þiudijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þiudijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þiudijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þiudijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þiudijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þiudijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þiudidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þiudidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þiudidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þiudidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þiudidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þiudidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>þiudidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>þiudidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>þiudidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>þiudidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þiudidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þiudidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þiudidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þiudidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þiudidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þiudidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>þiudijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>þiudidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>þiudijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þiudijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thiuden</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dieden, duden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>duuje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þiudijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thiuden</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dieden, duden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>duiden</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>dui</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þiudijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þīedan, þēodan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>theden</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þiudijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*thiōda, thiūda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tjuude</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tsjutte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þiudijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>diuten, *diuden</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>diuten, tiuten, dǖten, dǖden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>deitn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>deuten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þiudijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>diuten, *diuden</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>diuten, tiuten, dǖten, dǖden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>dögge, dügge, diere, deide</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>deiten, deiden</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þiudijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*thiudian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dü̂den</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>düden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þýða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>tyða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>týða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>tyde</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þýða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tyda, ty</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>týða</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þýða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>thȳthæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tyde, ty</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>tyde, ty</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þýða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>þȳþa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tyda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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