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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þrawaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þrawaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ter" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ter-</orth>
          <def>to rub, grind</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thrawaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þrawaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þrawaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθrɑ.wɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚱᚨᚹᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>stubborn, obstinate</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *trowH-o-s, from *trewh₁- (‘to endure, suffer’); see the related *þrawō (‘longing, suffering’) for more.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Older theories compared the word to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ter"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ter">*ter-</ref></mentioned> (‘to rub, grind’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>þrawaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>þrawō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>þrawą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>þrawai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>þrawôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>þrawō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>þrawanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>þrawǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>þrawą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>þrawanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>þrawōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>þrawō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>þrawas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>þrawaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>þrawas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>þrawaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>þrawaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>þrawaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>þrawammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>þrawaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>þrawammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>þrawaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>þrawaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>þrawaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>þrawanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>þrawaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>þrawanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>þrawaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>þrawaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>þrawaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>þrawô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>þrawǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>þrawô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>þrawaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>þrawōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>þrawōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>þrawanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>þrawōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>þrawô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>þrawanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>þrawōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>þrawōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>þrawiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>þrawōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>þrawiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>þrawanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>þrawōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>þrawanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>þrawini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>þrawōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>þrawini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>þrawammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>þrawōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>þrawammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>þrawinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>þrawōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>þrawinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>þrawammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>þrawōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>þrawammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þrár</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þrár</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þrár</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>thro, thra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>thro</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
