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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þrinhwaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þrinhwaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_trenkw" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*trenkʷ-</orth>
          <def>to beat, hew, press</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thrinhwana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þrinhwaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þrinhwaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθrĩː.xʷɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚱᛁᚾᚺᚹᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to press, to push</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to force</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_trenkw"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_trenkw">*trenkʷ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to beat, hew, press’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þrinhwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þrinhwaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þrinhwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrinhwizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrinhwaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrinhw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrinhwazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrinhwaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrinhwidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrinhwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrinhwadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrinhwadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrinhwaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þrinhwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þrinhwaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þrinhwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þrinhwaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þrinhwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrinhwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þranhw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þrungį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þranht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrungīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þranhw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrungī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>þrungū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>þrungīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>þrungudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>þrungīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrungum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrungīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrungud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrungīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrungun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrungīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>þrinhwandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>þrunganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>þrinhwaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þringwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thringan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dringen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>dringe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þringwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thringan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dringen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dringen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>dring</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þringwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þringan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>thringen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>thring</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>thring, dring</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þringwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>thringa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kringe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tringe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þringwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>dringan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dringen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>dringen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>dréngen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>דרינגען (dringen)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þringwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thringan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dringen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>dringen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>dringen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þryngva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>treingja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þryngva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>trenga (press)</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þreihan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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