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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þrukkijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þrukkijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_trychu" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>trychu</orth>
          <def>to cut</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_terh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*terh₁-</orth>
          <def>to rub, turn</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_trewk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*trewk-</orth>
          <def>to press on and break</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_trukti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>trū́kti</orth>
          <def>to tear into pieces, burst</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thrukkijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þrukkijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þrukkijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθruk.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚱᚢᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to press on</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to crowd</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_trewk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_trewk">*trewk-</ref></mentioned> (‘to press on and break’); cognates outside of Germanic include Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_trychu"><ref target="#cog_cym_trychu">trychu</ref></mentioned> (‘to cut’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_trukti"><ref target="#cog_lit_trukti">trū́kti</ref></mentioned> (‘to tear into pieces, burst’), trùkti (‘to last, continue’). Other theories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_terh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_terh1">*terh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to rub, bore, twist’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Has been suggested as the origin of Vulgar Latin *trūdicāre, but this appears unlikely.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þrukkijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þrukkijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þrukkijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þrukkijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þrukkijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrukkidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>þrukkidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>þrukkidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>þrukkidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>þrukkidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrukkidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>þrukkijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>þrukkidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>þrukkijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrukkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thrucken</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>drucken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>drókke, drökke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrukkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thrucken</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>drucken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>drukken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>druk</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                          <orth>nggedrig</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>drùk, druk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrukkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þryċċan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>*threkken, threken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>thrack</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>thratch, thrack</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrukkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þryċċan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>thrucchen, thrycchen, thricchen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>thrutch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrukkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>thretza, thrikka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>druwckjen, drukke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrukkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>drucchen, drukken, drucchan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>drücken, drucken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>druckn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>drukhan</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>drécken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>דריקן (drikn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrukkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>drucchen, drukken, drucchan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>drücken, drucken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>drücken, drucken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Ladin</lang>
                          <orth>druché</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>drucken</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                          <orth>דרוקן (drukn)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrukkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>drucchen, drukken, drucchan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>drücken, drucken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>drücken, drucken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Polish</lang>
                          <orth>drukować</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Belarusian</lang>
                            <orth>друкава́ць (drukavácʹ)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Ukrainian</lang>
                            <orth>друкува́ти (drukuváty)</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrukkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thrukkian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>drukke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrukkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thrukkian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>drücken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>drücken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þrykkja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>trykkja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þrykkja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>trykkja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þrykkja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>thrykiæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>trykke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þrykkja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>thrykiæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>trykke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>trykka</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þrykkja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>þrykkia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>trycka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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