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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þrumą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þrumą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_terma" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>τέρμα</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>térma</orth>
          </form>
          <def>end, boundary, goal</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_termn" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*térmn̥</orth>
          <def>boundary</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_terminus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>terminus</orth>
          <def>boundary, term</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thruma" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þrumą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þrumą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθru.mɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚱᚢᛗᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>stump, trunk, block; butt, end</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin. R. Meringer compares Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_terma"><ref target="#cog_grc_terma">τέρμα</ref></mentioned> (térma, ‘end, boundary, goal’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_terminus"><ref target="#cog_lat_terminus">terminus</ref></mentioned> (‘boundary, term’), both from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_termn"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_termn">*térmn̥</ref></mentioned> (‘boundary’)), which, if correct, invokes an older sense of "stone or piece (used to mark a boundary)".</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>þrumą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>þrumō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>þrumą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>þrumō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>þrumas, þrumis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>þrumǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>þrumai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>þrumamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>þrumō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>þrumamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>þrumą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>þrumō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>*þrum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>throm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>thrum</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>tunge-þrum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>throm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>thrum</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>thrumi</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>drom</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>drom, dreum</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>drum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>drom, dreum</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>trum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>trum, drum, treme, trempel, trame, drame</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Trumm, Trümmer, Tremel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>drum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>trum, drum, treme, trempel, trame, drame</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Trumm, Trümmer, Tremel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>demil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>trum, drum, treme, trempel, trame, drame</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Trumm, Trümmer, Tremel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þrǫmr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>tröm, trumm, tram</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tröm, trumm, trom</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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