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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þrēaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þrēaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_threana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þrēaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þrēaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθrɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚱᛖᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7d</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to twist, to turn</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *tréh₁-e-ti, from *treh₁-, *terh₁- (‘to rub, turn, pierce’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þrēō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þrēaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þrēai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrēizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrēaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrēazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þrēaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrēidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrēai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrēadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrēadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þrēaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þrēōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þrēaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þrēadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þrēaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þrēadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrēamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrēaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrēandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þrēaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrēid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrēaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrēid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrēandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þrēaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrēandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrēain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrēandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrēandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þrēaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þeþrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þeþrōį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þeþrōt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þeþrōīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þeþrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þeþrōī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>þeþrōū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>þeþrōīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>þeþrōudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>þeþrōīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þeþrōum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þeþrōīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þeþrōud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þeþrōīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þeþrōun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þeþrōīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>þrēandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>þrēanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>þrēaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>thrāien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>drâyen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>drejje, dreie</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>thrāien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>drâyen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>draaien</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>draai</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Aukan</lang>
                          <orth>daai</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>drai</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Kwinti</lang>
                          <orth>daai, drai</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>draai, draej</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>drei, drai</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Petjo</lang>
                          <orth>draaien</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>draaie</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>thrāien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>drâyen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>draaien</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>drai</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Caribbean Hindustani</lang>
                            <orth>drái-drái kare</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                            <orth>drai</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þrāwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>throwen, thrawen, thorwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>thraw</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>drowe, draugh</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þrāwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>throwen, thrawen, thorwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>throw</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Northumbrian</lang>
                          <orth>thraa</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>thrāia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>trä, tre, treie</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>drāen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dræjen, dræn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>drehen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>דרייען (dreyen)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>drāen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dræjen, dræn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>drahn</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                          <orth>dréenan</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>drāen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dræjen, dræn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>driehe, drähe, drähne</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>drehe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>dréien, dréinen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þrāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thrāian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dreien, dreyen, drêgen, dreigen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>dreje</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>draien, dreien, dreihen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>drei, drai, draie</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>dreie</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>dreie</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>dreja</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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