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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þunhijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þunhijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_satto" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>σᾰ́ττω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>sắttō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to stuff, cram</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thunhijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þunhijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þunhijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθunx.i.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚢᚾᚺᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to press</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A zero-grade ye-present related to *þwinhaną (‘to force, press’). Compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_satto"><ref target="#cog_grc_satto">σᾰ́ττω</ref></mentioned> (sắttō, ‘to stuff, cram’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þunhijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þunhijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þunhijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þunhīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þunhijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þunhī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þunhijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þunhijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þunhīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þunhijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þunhijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þunhijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þunhijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þunhijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þunhijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þunhijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þunhijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þunhijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þunhijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þunhijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þunhijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þunhijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þunhīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þunhijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þunhīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þunhijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þunhijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þunhijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þunhijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þunhijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þunhijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þunhijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þunhidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þunhidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þunhidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þunhidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þunhidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þunhidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>þunhidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>þunhidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>þunhidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>þunhidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þunhidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þunhidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þunhidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þunhidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þunhidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þunhidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>þunhijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>þunhidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>þunhijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þų̄hijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>diuhen, dūhen</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þų̄hijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thūwen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>duwen, douwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>duwen, douwen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þų̄hijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þȳwan, þēowan, þēon, þīwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>thewen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>geþȳwan</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þų̄hijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*thūwian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dûwen, dü̂wen, döuwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>duven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þyggja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tyggja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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